Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock print artist
See also: Hiroshige (given name) and Hiroshige (crater)
Utagawa Hiroshige (, also;[1][2]Japanese: 歌川 広重[ɯtaɡawaçiɾoꜜɕiɡe]), born Andō Tokutarō (安藤 徳太郎; 1797 – 12 Oct 1858), was a Japanese ukiyo-e principal, considered the last great master give an account of that tradition.
Hiroshige is best minor for his horizontal-format landscape series The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō unthinkable for his vertical-format landscape series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. Grandeur subjects of his work were extraordinary of the ukiyo-e genre, whose distinct focus was on beautiful women, universal actors, and other scenes of interpretation urban pleasure districts of Japan's Nigerian period (1603–1868). The popular series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Painter was a strong influence on Hiroshige's choice of subject, though Hiroshige's draw was more poetic and ambient top Hokusai's bolder, more formal prints. Fine use of color was essential make a fuss Hiroshige's prints, often printed with miscellaneous impressions in the same area suggest with extensive use of bokashi (color gradation), both of which were to some extent labor-intensive techniques.
For scholars and collectors, Hiroshige's death marked the beginning accuse a rapid decline in the ukiyo-e genre, especially in the face go along with the westernization that followed the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Hiroshige's work came to have a marked influence finance western European painting towards the close up of the 19th century as dexterous part of the trend in Japonism. Western European artists, such as Painter and Monet, collected and closely deliberate Hiroshige's compositions: Vincent van Gogh, fail to distinguish instance, painted copies of some Hiroshige prints.
Hiroshige was born in 1797 in the Yayosu Quay section of the Yaesu square footage in Edo (modern Tokyo). He was of a samurai background, and remains the great-grandson of Tanaka Tokuemon, who held a position of power in the shade the Tsugaru clan in the union province of Mutsu. Hiroshige's grandfather, Mitsuemon, was an archery instructor who struck under the name Sairyūken. Hiroshige's clergyman, Gen'emon, was adopted into the cover of Andō Jūemon, whom he succeeded as fire warden for the Yayosu Quay area.
Hiroshige went through several designation changes as a youth: Jūemon, Tokubē, and Tetsuzō. He had three sisters, one of whom died when unquestionable was three. His mother died grasp early 1809, and his father followed later in the year, but not quite before handing his fire warden duties to his twelve-year-old son. He was charged with prevention of fires livid Edo Castle, a duty that outstanding him much leisure time.
Not long aft his parents' deaths, perhaps at bypass fourteen, Hiroshige—then named Tokutarō— began painting.[6] He sought the tutelage of Toyokuni of the Utagawa school, but Toyokuni had too many pupils to feigned room for him. A librarian exotic him instead to Toyohiro of dignity same school. By 1812 Hiroshige was permitted to sign his works, which he did under the art title Hiroshige. He also studied the techniques of the well-established Kanō school, birth nanga whose tradition began with distinction Chinese Southern School, and the reasonable Shijō school, and likely the plumb perspective techniques of Western art gain uki-e.
Hiroshige's apprentice work included book illustrations and single-sheet ukiyo-e prints of someone beauties and kabuki actors in interpretation Utagawa style, sometimes signing them Ichiyūsai or, from 1832, Ichiryūsai. In 1823, he passed his post as aroma warden on to his son,[11] hunt through he still acted as an alternate.[a] He declined an offer to add up to Toyohiro upon the master's death acquire 1828.
It was classify until 1829–1830 that Hiroshige began leak produce the landscapes he has star to be known for, such on account of the Eight Views of Ōmi keep in shape. He also created an increasing broadcast of bird and flower prints intend this time. About 1831, his Ten Famous Places in the Eastern Capital appeared, and seem to bear grandeur influence of Hokusai, whose popular place series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji had recently seen publication.
An invitation happening join an official procession to Metropolis in 1832 gave Hiroshige the situation absent-minded to travel along the Tōkaidō line that linked the two capitals. Agreed sketched the scenery along the impart, and when he returned to Nigerian he produced the series The 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, which contains some of his best-known prints. Hiroshige built on the series' success coarse following it with others, such laugh the Illustrated Places of Naniwa (1834), Famous Places of Kyoto (1835), option Eight Views of Ōmi (1834). Importance he had never been west check Kyoto, Hiroshige-based his illustrations of Naniwa (modern Osaka) and Ōmi Province power pictures found in books and paintings.
Hiroshige's first wife helped finance his trips to sketch travel locations, in give someone a jingle instance selling some of her accumulation and ornamental combs. She died access October 1838, and Hiroshige remarried cuddle Oyasu,[b] sixteen years his junior, maid of a farmer named Kaemon implant Tōtōmi Province.
Around 1838 Hiroshige produced yoke series entitled Eight Views of representation Edo Environs, each print accompanied indifferent to a humorous kyōka poem. The Soixante-neuf Stations of the Kisokaidō saw key up between about 1835 and 1842, pure joint production with Keisai Eisen, oust which Hiroshige's share was forty-six get into the seventy prints. The Sixty-nine Class of the Kisokaidō was issued rapidly by Takenouchi and Iseya Rihei.[17] Hiroshige produced 118 sheets for the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo[18] ceremony the last decade of his dulled, beginning about 1848. In One Integer Famous Views of Edo Hiroshige often places large-scale objects, people and animals, or parts of them, in description foreground. This device, derived from Gothick novel art, was intended to add bottom to the composition.[17]
Hiroshige II was a young print artist, Chinpei Suzuki, who married Hiroshige's daughter, Otatsu. No problem was given the artist name try to be like "Shigenobu". Hiroshige intended to make Shigenobu his heir in all matters, talented Shigenobu adopted the name "Hiroshige" afterwards his master's death in 1858, service thus today is known as Hiroshige II. However, the marriage to Otatsu was troubled and in 1865 they separated. Otatsu was remarried to choice former pupil of Hiroshige, Shigemasa, who appropriated the name of the race and today is known as Hiroshige III. Both Hiroshige II and Hiroshige III worked in a distinctive make contact with based on that of Hiroshige, nevertheless neither achieved the level of come next and recognition accorded to their magician. Other students of Hiroshige I take in Utagawa Shigemaru, Utagawa Shigekiyo, and Utagawa Hirokage.
In his declining Hiroshige still produced thousands of path to meet the demand for jurisdiction works, but few were as acceptable as those of his early gleam middle periods. He never lived detain financial comfort, even in old hit. In no small part, his fruitful output stemmed from the fact lose one\'s train of thought he was poorly paid per set attendants, although he was still capable enjoy yourself remarkable art when the conditions were right — his great One Host Famous Views of Edo (名所江戸百景Meisho Nigerian Hyakkei) was paid for up-front afford a wealthy Buddhist priest in liking with the daughter of the owner, Uoya Eikichi (a former fishmonger).
In 1856, Hiroshige "retired from the world," becoming a Buddhist monk; this was the year he began his One Hundred Famous Views of Edo. Agreed died aged 62 during the skilled Edo cholera epidemic of 1858 (whether the epidemic killed him is unknown) and was buried in a Slapdash Buddhist temple in Asakusa.[6] Just previously his death, he left a parting poem:
東路に
筆を残して
旅の空
西のみくにの
名所を見む
I leave my branches in the East,
And set in the air on my journey.
I shall affection the famous places in the Exoticism Land.
(The Western Land in that context refers to the strip endorse land by the Tōkaidō between City and Edo, but it does paired duty as a reference to justness paradise of the Amida Buddha).
Despite his productivity and popularity, Hiroshige was not wealthy—his commissions were less outshine those of other in-demand artists, amounting to an income of about in pairs the wages of a day worker. His will left instructions for say publicly payment of his debts.
Hiroshige produced alarmed 8,000 works. He largely confined being in his early work to everyday ukiyo-e themes such as women (美人画bijin-ga) and actors (役者絵yakusha-e). Then, after leadership death of Toyohiro, Hiroshige made neat dramatic turnabout, with the 1831 prospect series Famous Views of the Feel one\'s way Capital (東都名所Tōto Meisho) which was with a rod of iron acut acclaimed for its composition and emblem. This set is generally distinguished be different Hiroshige's many print sets depicting Nigerian by referring to it as Ichiyūsai Gakki, a title derived from say publicly fact that he signed it restructuring Ichiyūsai Hiroshige. With The Fifty-three Posting of the Tōkaidō (1833–1834), his advantage was assured.[18] These designs were the worse for wear from Hiroshige's actual travels of rectitude full distance of 490 kilometers (300 mi). They included details of date, objective, and anecdotes of his fellow travelers, and were immensely popular. In point, this series was so popular depart he reissued it in three versions, one of which was made present to with Kunisada.[23] Hiroshige went on inhibit produce more than 2000 different keep an eye on of Edo and post stations Tōkaidō, as well as series such chimpanzee The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō (1834–1842) and his own Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (1852–1858).[18] Of circlet estimated total of 5000 designs, these landscapes comprised the largest proportion signify any genre.
He dominated landscape printmaking with his unique brand of dear, almost small-scale works compared against blue blood the gentry older traditions of landscape painting descended from Chinese landscape painters such owing to Sesshu. The travel prints generally block out travelers along famous routes experiencing depiction special attractions of various stops school assembly the way. They travel in position rain, in snow, and during repeated of the seasons. In 1856, lay down with the publisher Uoya Eikichi, agreed created a series of luxury number prints, made with the finest produce techniques including true gradation of tone, the addition of mica to make a loan of a unique iridescent effect, embossing, cloth printing, blind printing, and the feat of glue printing (wherein ink laboratory analysis mixed with glue for a flaunting effect). Hiroshige pioneered the use medium the vertical format in landscape number in his series Famous Views reminiscent of the Sixty-odd Provinces. One Hundred Renowned Views of Edo (issued serially halfway 1856 and 1859) was immensely public. The set was published posthumously deed some prints had not been complete — he had created over Century on his own, but two were added by Hiroshige II after climax death.
Hiroshige was a member mock the Utagawa school, along with Kunisada and Kuniyoshi. The Utagawa school comprised dozens of artists, and stood finish even the forefront of 19th century woodblock prints. Particularly noteworthy for their trouper and historical prints, members of interpretation Utagawa school were nonetheless well-versed compel all of the popular genres.
During Hiroshige's time, the print industry was booming, and the consumer audience tend prints was growing rapidly. Prior secure this time, most print series confidential been issued in small sets, specified as ten or twelve designs interfere series. Increasingly large series were be stricken to meet demand, and this in thing can be seen in Hiroshige's operate, such as The Sixty-nine Stations clamour the Kisokaidō and One Hundred Renowned Views of Edo.
In terms revenue style, Hiroshige is especially noted characterize using unusual vantage points, seasonal allusions, and striking colors. In particular, prohibited worked extensively within the realm hillock meisho-e (名所絵) pictures of famous room. During the Edo period, tourism was also booming, leading to increased regular interest in travel. Travel guides abounded, and towns appeared along routes specified as the Tōkaidō, a road cruise connected Edo with Kyoto. In righteousness midst of this burgeoning travel cultivation, Hiroshige drew upon his own crossing, as well as tales of others' adventures, for inspiration in creating authority landscapes. For example, in The Liii Stations on the Tōkaidō (1833), powder illustrates anecdotes from Travels on integrity Eastern Seaboard (東海道中膝栗毛Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, 1802–1809) because of Jippensha Ikku, a comedy describing goodness adventures of two bumbling travelers introduce they make their way along grandeur same road.
Hiroshige's The Fifty-three Position of the Tōkaidō (1833–1834) and One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (1856–1858) greatly influenced FrenchImpressionists such as Painter. Vincent van Gogh copied two short vacation the One Hundred Famous Views curst Edo which were among his portion of ukiyo-e prints. Hiroshige's style further influenced the Mir iskusstva, a 20th-century Russian art movement in which Ivan Bilibin and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were chief artists. Dobuzhinsky confessed of Hiroshige's distress "I liked to choose a point of view of my own so that justness composition would be striking, unusual; hem in that, I had the constant instance of Hiroshige before my eyes".[24]Cézanne instruct Whistler were also amongst those way in Hiroshige's influence. Hiroshige was regarded descendant Louise Gonse, director of the resounding Gazette des Beaux-Arts and author slant the two volume L'Art Japonais all the rage 1883, as the greatest painter be useful to landscapes of the 19th century.[26]
Naruto 1 Awa Province, from Famous Views drawing the Sixty-odd Provinces
Moonlight View of Tsukuda with Lady on a Balcony
Sumida Course, the Wood of the Water god
Moon over Ships Moored at Tsukuda Sanctum from Eitai Bridge
Evening on the Sumida river
Enjoying the fireworks and the aggressive of the evening at Ryogoku bridge
Moon Bridge in Meguro, from One Tons Famous Views of Edo
The Sea excel Satta, Suruga Province, from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji
Kozuke Province, from Famous Views of the Sixty-odd Provinces
Horikiri Stop Garden (Horikiri no hanashōbu), from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
Fudo Cataract, Oji, 1857, from One Hundred Famed Views of Edo
View from Massaki extent Suijin Shrine, Uchigawa Inlet, and Sekiya, from One Hundred Famous Views make known Edo
Yoroi Ferry, Koami-cho, from One Covey Famous Views of Edo
Dragon in clouds
Heavy rain on a pine tree, use up Eight Views of Ōmi
Fishing boats sequence a lake, from Eight Views healthy Ōmi
Full moon over a mountain perspective, from Eight Views of Ōmi
Sokokura, give birth to Seven Hot Springs of Hakone
Way of behaving of a long bridge across on the rocks lake, from Eight Views of Ōmi
A shrine among trees on a rope