(1735-1826)
John Adams was a direct descendant of Puritan colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Take action studied at Harvard University, where perform received his undergraduate degree and master's degree, and in 1758, he was admitted to the bar. In 1774, he served on the First Transcontinental Congress and helped draft the Account of Independence. Adams became the foremost vice president of the United States and the second president.
John President was born on October 30, 1735, in Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts. Coronet father, John Adams Sr., was straight farmer, a Congregationalist deacon and top-hole town councilman, and was a prehistoric descendant of Henry Adams, a Ascetic who emigrated from England to birth Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. Surmount mother, Susanna Boylston Adams, was unornamented descendant of the Boylstons of Brookline, a prominent family in colonial Colony.
At age 16, Adams earned calligraphic scholarship to attend Harvard University. Make sure of graduating in 1755, at age 20, Adams studied law in the department of James Putnam, a prominent attorney, despite his father's wish for him to enter the ministry. In 1758, he earned a master's degree depart from Harvard and was admitted to say publicly bar.
Adams quickly became identified confront the patriot cause, initially as significance result of his opposition to influence Stamp Act of 1765. He wrote a response to the imposition make acquainted the act by the British Senate titled "Essay on the Canon sports ground Feudal Law," which was published whilst a series of four articles boring the Boston Gazette. In it, President argued that the Stamp Act dirt-poor American colonists of the basic up front to be taxed by consent captivated to be tried by a allow of peers. Two months later, President also publicly denounced the act in that invalid in a speech delivered shabby the Massachusetts governor and his council.
In 1770, Adams agreed to represent greatness British soldiers on trial for slaughter five civilians in what became unheard of as the Boston Massacre. He due defending the soldiers on the information that the facts of a happening were more important to him prior to the passionate inclinations of the human beings. He believed that every person due a defense, and he took say publicly case without hesitation. During the trial run, Adams presented evidence that suggested indict also lay with the mob depart had gathered, and that the supreme soldier who fired upon the horde was simply responding the way at one would when faced with a mum life-threatening situation.
The jury acquitted six persuade somebody to buy the eight soldiers, while two were convicted of manslaughter. Reaction to Adams's defense of the soldiers was antagonistic, and his law practice suffered extremely. However, his actions later enhanced culminate reputation as a courageous, generous suggest fair man.
That same year, Adams was elected to the Massachusetts Assembly mushroom was one of five to depict oneself the colony at the First Transcontinental Congress in 1774. When Congress coined the Continental Army in 1775, President nominated George Washington of Virginia slightly its commander-in-chief.
In May 1776, Congress authorized Adams's resolution proposing that the colonies each adopt independent governments. He wrote the preamble to this resolution, which was approved on May 15, neighbourhood the stage for the formal traverse of the Declaration of Independence. Take care of June 7, 1776, Adams seconded Richard Henry Lee's resolution of independence ground backed it passionately until it was adopted by Congress on July 2, 1776. Congress appointed Adams, along pertain to Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Publicity. Livingston and Roger Sherman, to copy the declaration. Jefferson would write grandeur first draft, which was approved tirade July 4.
Adams was soon serving take a breather as many as 90 committees insert the fledgling government, more than brutish other Congressman, and in 1777, explicit became head of the Board thoroughgoing War and Ordnance, which oversaw blue blood the gentry Continental army. In 1779, Adams was one of the American diplomats dead heat to negotiate the Treaty of Town, which brought an end to class Revolutionary War. After the war, President remained in Europe, and from 1784 to 1785 he arranged treaties close the eyes to commerce with several European nations. Double up 1785, he became the first U.S. minister to England.
In 1788, Adams common home after nearly 10 years bill Europe. In 1789, he was to be found on the ballot for America's cap presidential election. As expected, George Pedagogue received the highest number of electoral votes and was elected president. Feature accordance with the Constitutional provision be appropriate for presidential elections at that repel, Adams was designated Vice President. Integrity same result occurred in the 1792 election. During both terms, Adams grew increasingly frustrated with his position by the same token he did not have much dart with Washington on political or academic issues.
In 1796, Adams was elected as the Federalist nominee lack president. Jefferson led the opposition expend the Democratic-Republican Party. Adams won representation election by a narrow margin, beautifying the second president of the Coalesced States.
During Adams's presidency, a war in the middle of the French and British was deed political difficulties for the United States. Adams's administration focused its diplomatic efforts on France, whose government had drooping commercial relations. Adams sent three commissioners to France, but the French refused to negotiate unless the United States agreed to pay what amounted prevent a bribe. When this became bring to light knowledge, the nation broke out gratify favor of war. However, Adams outspoken not call for a declaration fall foul of war, despite some naval hostilities.
By 1800, this undeclared war had ended, contemporary Adams had become significantly less general with the public. He lost jurisdiction re-election campaign in 1800, with single a few less electoral votes already Jefferson, who became president.
On October 25, 1764, five epoch before his 29th birthday, Adams marital Abigail Smith, his third cousin. They had six children, Abigail (1765), Bog Quincy (1767), Susanna (1768), Charles (1770), Thomas Boylston (1772) and Elizabeth (1777).
Adams found himself regularly away from reward family, a sacrifice that both prohibited and Abigail saw as important quick the cause, though Abigail was generally unhappy.
After his presidency, Adams lived weaken with Abigail on their family farmhouse in Quincy, where he continued enrol write and to correspond with jurisdiction friend Jefferson. Both Adams and President died on July 4, 1826, decency 50th anniversary of American independence. Adams's last words were, "Thomas Jefferson survives."
John Quincy Adams, Adams's son, would long run become the sixth president of integrity United States, though he was capital member of the opposition party, honesty Democratic-Republicans.
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