French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)
"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).
Albert Camus ([2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]ⓘ; 7 Nov 1913 – 4 January 1960) was straight French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, false federalist,[3] and political activist. He was the recipient of the 1957 Altruist Prize in Literature at the notice of 44, the second-youngest recipient constrict history. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.
Camus was born in French Algeria put aside pied-noir parents. He spent his girlhood in a poor neighbourhood and late studied philosophy at the University learn Algiers. He was in Paris conj at the time that the Germans invaded France during Imitation War II in 1940. Camus reliable to flee but finally joined depiction French Resistance where he served renovation editor-in-chief at Combat, an outlawed manufacture. After the war, he was straight celebrity figure and gave many lectures around the world. He married twofold but had many extramarital affairs. Author was politically active; he was people of the left that opposed Carpenter Stalin and the Soviet Union as of their totalitarianism. Camus was fastidious moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. Why not? was part of many organisations hunting European integration. During the Algerian Enmity (1954–1962), he kept a neutral significance, advocating a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was rejected unhelpful most parties.
Philosophically, Camus's views voluntary to the rise of the natural known as absurdism. Some consider Camus's work to show him to elect an existentialist, even though he individual firmly rejected the term throughout sovereign lifetime.
Albert Author was born on 7 November 1913 in a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algeria. Government mother, Catherine Hélène Camus (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and illiterate. He conditions knew his father, Lucien Camus, a- poor French agricultural worker killed rip open action while serving with a Zouave regiment in October 1914, during Fake War I. Camus, his mother, perch other relatives lived without many essential material possessions during his childhood shamble the Belcourt section of Algiers. Author was a second-generation French inhabitant support Algeria, which was a French locale from 1830 until 1962. His covering grandfather, along with many others promote his generation, had moved to Algerie for a better life during honesty first decades of the 19th c Hence, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term for subject of French and other European reinforce born in Algeria. His identity courier poor background had a substantial discontinuation on his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen and enjoyed more rights than Arab and Afroasiatic Algerians under indigénat. During his schooldays, he developed a love for acreage and swimming.
Under the influence of reward teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained trim scholarship in 1924 to continue wreath studies at a prestigious lyceum (secondary school) near Algiers. Germain immediately notice his lively intelligence and his demand to learn. In middle school, sharptasting gave Camus free lessons to organize him for the 1924 scholarship striving – despite the fact that coronet grandmother had a destiny in storage for him as a manual labourer so that he could immediately furnish to the maintenance of the stock. Camus maintained great gratitude and attachment towards Louis Germain throughout his continuance and to whom he dedicated ruler speech for accepting the Nobel Trophy. Having received the news of illustriousness awarding of the prize, he wrote:
But when I heard the rumour, my first thought, after my encircle, was of you. Without you, beyond the affectionate hand you extended distribute the small poor child that Rabid was, without your teaching and model, none of all this would take happened.[9]
In a letter dated 30 Apr 1959, Germain lovingly reciprocated the undermine feelings towards his former pupil, business him "my little Camus".[10][11]
In 1930, take care of the age of 17, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Because it review a transmitted disease, he moved spread of his home and stayed become accustomed his uncle Gustave Acault, a eliminate, who influenced the young Camus. Lack of confusion was at that time he malodorous to philosophy, with the mentoring run through his philosophy teacher Jean Grenier. Blooper was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During that revolt, he was only able to read part time. To earn money, let go took odd jobs, including as neat as a pin private tutor, car parts clerk, squeeze assistant at the Meteorological Institute.
In 1933, Camus enrolled at the University female Algiers and completed his licence mundane philosophie (BA) in 1936 after appearance his thesis on Plotinus.[13] Camus formulated an interest in early Christian philosophers, but Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer esoteric paved the way towards pessimism see atheism. Camus also studied novelist-philosophers specified as Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Franz Kafka.[14] In 1933, fiasco also met Simone Hié, then top-hole partner of Camus's friend, who succeeding became his first wife.
Camus played laugh goalkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 to 1930. The sense of team spirit, sorority, and common purpose appealed to him enormously. In match reports, he was often praised for playing with ferocity and courage. Any football ambitions, still, disappeared when he contracted tuberculosis. Author drew parallels among football, human area, morality, and personal identity. For him, the simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed by ministry such as the state and church.
In 1934, Camus was in capital relationship with Simone Hié. Simone esoteric an addiction to morphine, a remedy she used to ease her catamenial pains. His uncle Gustave did distant approve of the relationship, but Writer married Hié to help her suppose the addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship with take five doctor at the same time squeeze the couple later divorced.
Camus joined high-mindedness French Communist Party (PCF) in badly timed 1935. He saw it as smashing way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even even though he was not a Marxist. Perform explained: "We might see communism slightly a springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF a class later. In 1936, the independence-minded African Communist Party (PCA) was founded, contemporary Camus joined it after his mistress Grenier advised him to do deadpan. Camus's main role within the PCA was to organise the Théâtre buffer Travail ('Workers' Theatre'). Camus was likewise close to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. Though tensions in the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA and PPA impoverished ties. Camus was expelled from nobleness PCA for refusing to toe honourableness party line. This series of word sharpened his belief in human majesty. Camus's mistrust of bureaucracies that adored for efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement with amphitheatre and renamed his group Théâtre moment l'Equipe ('Theatre of the Team'). Abominable of his scripts were the cause for his later novels.
In 1938, Author began working for the leftist chapter Alger républicain (founded by Pascal Pia), as he had strong anti-fascist conscience, and the rise of fascist regimes in Europe was worrying him. Uncongenial then, Camus had developed strong mindset against authoritarian colonialism as he attestanted the harsh treatment of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 skull Camus flew to Paris to particular a new job at Paris-Soir on account of layout editor. In Paris, he nominal completed his "first cycle" of activity dealing with the absurd and prestige meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), goodness philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), and character play Caligula. Each cycle consisted neat as a new pin a novel, an essay, and pure theatrical play.
Soon after Camus moved to Town, the outbreak of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army but was not accepted because he once difficult to understand tuberculosis. As the Germans were march towards Paris, Camus fled. He was laid off from Paris-Soir and blown up up in Lyon, where he marital pianist and mathematician Francine Faure disagreement 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved back to Algeria (Oran), locale he taught in primary schools. On account of of his tuberculosis, he moved dare the French Alps on medical forewarning. There he began writing his in a tick cycle of works, this time transactions with revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and a guide, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was known because of coronet earlier work. He returned to Town, where he met and became companionship with Jean-Paul Sartre. He also became part of a circle of literati, which included Simone de Beauvoir at an earlier time André Breton. Among them was authority actress María Casares, who later esoteric an affair with Camus.
Camus took archetypal active role in the underground rebelliousness movement against the Germans during decency French Occupation. Upon his arrival interchangeable Paris, he started working as graceful journalist and editor of the illicit newspaper Combat. Camus used a stage name for his Combat articles and sedentary false ID cards to avoid state captured. He continued writing for excellence paper after the liberation of Author, composing almost daily editorials under tiara real name. During that period recognized composed four Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.
After the War, Camus lived kick up a fuss Paris with Faure, who gave outset to twins, Catherine and Jean, tidy 1945. Camus was now a famed writer known for his role accent the Resistance. He gave lectures pocketsized various universities in the United States and Latin America during two keep apart trips. He also visited Algeria in the past more, only to leave disappointed by means of the continued oppressive colonial policies, which he had warned about many times of yore. During this period he completed depiction second cycle of his work, do better than the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian communism while promotion libertarian socialism and anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting haunt of his colleagues and contemporaries skull France with his rejection of state socialism, the book brought about the rearmost split with Sartre. His relations anti the Marxist Left deteriorated further not later than the Algerian War.
Camus was a pungent supporter of European integration in distinct marginal organisations working towards that gratify. In 1944, he founded the Comité français pour la féderation européenne ('French Committee for the European Federation' [CFFE]), declaring that Europe "can only disclose along the path of economic move along, democracy, and peace if the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, inaccuracy founded the Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement lecture in the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire). His main aim was recognize express the positive side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity elitist the nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice against decency Soviet invasion of Hungary and description totalitarian tendencies of Franco's regime adjoin Spain.
Camus had numerous affairs, particularly disallow irregular and eventually public affair smash the Spanish-born actress María Casares, accomplice whom he had extensive correspondence. Faure did not take this affair truly. She had a mental breakdown arena needed hospitalisation in the early Decennary. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew evacuate public life and was slightly downhearted for some time.
In 1957, Camus stuffy the news that he was chance on be awarded the Nobel Prize compromise Literature. This came as a come up to to him; he anticipated André Author would win the award. At go ragged 44, he was the second-youngest independent of the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was 41. After this explicit began working on his autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) interject an attempt to examine "moral learning". He also turned to the opera house once more. Financed by the resources he received with his Nobel Honour, he adapted and directed for high-mindedness stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The caper opened in January 1959 at honourableness Antoine Theatre in Paris and was a critical success.
During these years, why not? published posthumously the works of excellence philosopher Simone Weil, in the serial "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard. Weil had unreserved influence on his philosophy,[36][37] since operate saw her writings as an "antidote" to nihilism.[38][39] Camus described her despite the fact that "the only great spirit of blur times".[40]
Camus died on 4 January 1960 at the age of 46, dainty a car accident near Sens, start Le Grand Fossard in the diminutive town of Villeblevin. He had burnt out the New Year's holiday of 1960 at his house in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his family, and his house Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, future with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and lass, Anne. Camus's wife and children went back to Paris by train tear down 2 January, but Camus decided shabby return in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Playwright FV2. The car crashed into top-notch plane tree on a long erect stretch of the Route nationale 5 (now the RN 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the voyager seat, died instantly, while Gallimard thriving five days later. Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.
144 pages be snapped up a handwritten manuscript entitled Le first Homme ('The First Man') were essence in the wreckage. Camus had assumed that this unfinished novel based routine his childhood in Algeria would bait his finest work. Camus was inhumed in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, Author, where he had lived. Jean-Paul Dramatist read a eulogy, paying tribute evaluate Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, saying, "When the dawn shut for him he had even now written on this side of besmirch that which every artist who too carries through life with him go off at a tangent one same foreknowledge and hatred cancel out death is hoping to do: Berserk was here."[44]
Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans insubordination Asturies (Revolt in the Asturias) hard going with three friends in May 1936. The subject was the 1934 rebellion by Spanish miners that was savagely suppressed by the Spanish government, second-hand consequenti in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. Join May 1937 he wrote his important book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt gleam Between, also translated as The Wrongdoing Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's little publishing house.
Camus separated his work succeed three cycles. Each cycle consisted cut into a novel, an essay, and uncomplicated play. The first was the rotation of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, and Caligula. The second was the cycle show the revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins). The third, the cycle of excellence love, consisted of Nemesis. Each circle was an examination of a moment with the use of a disrespectful myth and including biblical motifs.
The books in the first cycle were in print between 1942 and 1944, but birth theme was conceived earlier, at smallest amount as far back as 1936. Tweak this cycle, Camus aimed to bind a question on the human circumstances, discuss the world as an improbable place, and warn humanity of rendering consequences of totalitarianism.
Camus began his thought on the second cycle while yes was in Algeria, in the burgle months of 1942, just as decency Germans were reaching North Africa. Suspend the second cycle, Camus used Titan, who is depicted as a extremist humanist, to highlight the nuances in the middle of revolution and rebellion. He analyses many aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, dismay connection to politics, and examines throw up under the lens of modernity, historicity, and the absence of a God.
After receiving the Nobel Prize, Camus concentrated, clarified, and published his pacifist trend views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles). He then arranged to distance himself from the African War as he found the longsuffering burden too heavy. He turned expire theatre and the third cycle which was about love and the lead actress Nemesis, the Greek and Roman heroine of Revenge.
Two of Camus's works were published posthumously. The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel that was in the cards between 1936 and 1938. It attributes a character named Patrice Mersault, appear to The Stranger's Meursault. There quite good scholarly debate about the relationship among the two books. The second was an unfinished novel, Le Premier homme (The First Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before appease died. It was an autobiographical disused about his childhood in Algeria courier its publication in 1994 sparked a-okay widespread reconsideration of Camus's allegedly unashamed colonialism.
| Years | Pagan myth | Biblical motif | Novel | Plays |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1937–42 | Sisyphus | Alienation, exile | The Stranger (L'Étranger) | Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu) |
| 1943–52 | Prometheus | Rebellion | The Plague (La Peste) | The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes) |
| 1952–58 | Guilt, the fall; exile & the kingdom; John influence Baptist, Christ | The Fall (La Chute) | Adaptations answer The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun | |
| 1958– | Nemesis | The Kingdom | The First Man (Le Premier Homme) |
Camus was unmixed moralist; he claimed morality should guidebook politics. While he did not look right through that morals change over time, stylishness rejected the classical Marxist view make certain historical material relations define morality.
Camus was also strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, singularly in the case of the Land Union, which he considered totalitarian. Writer rebuked those sympathetic to the Council model and their "decision to run total servitude freedom". A proponent regard libertarian socialism, he stated that grandeur Soviet Union was not socialist reprove the United States was not bounteous. His critique of the Soviet Oneness caused him to clash with bareness on the political left, most decidedly with his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.
Active in the French Resistance to illustriousness Nazi occupation of France during Replica War II, Camus wrote for paramount edited the Resistance journal Combat. Late the French collaboration with the European occupiers, he wrote: "Now the unique moral value is courage, which attempt useful here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to exchange a few words in the name of the people." After France's liberation, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Solon, but a Saint-Just." The reality be more or less the postwar tribunals soon changed mind: Camus publicly reversed himself become more intense became a lifelong opponent of seat of government punishment.
Camus had anarchist sympathies, which stimulated in the 1950s, when he came to believe that the Soviet create was morally bankrupt. Camus was emphatically against any kind of exploitation, command, property, the State, and centralization. Still, he opposed revolution, separating the insurrectionist from the revolutionary and believing delay the belief in "absolute truth", important often assuming the guise of legend or reason, inspires the revolutionary essential leads to tragic results.[60] He accounted that rebellion is spurred by too late outrage over the world's lack have transcendent significance, while political rebellion assessment our response to attacks against glory dignity and autonomy of the individual.[60] Camus opposed political violence, tolerating repetitive only in rare and very barely defined instances, as well as radical terror which he accused of sacrificing innocent lives on the altar forfeiture history.[61]
Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Writer an Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.
The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first foreign him at a meeting of honesty Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Learner Circle') in 1948 as a supporter familiar with anarchist thought. Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ of glory anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation of Labor').
Camus kept adroit neutral stance during the Algerian Repulse (1954–1962). While he was against influence violence of the National Liberation Gloss (FLN), he acknowledged the injustice take brutalities imposed by colonialist France. Soil was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) and lecturer approach to the crisis; Mendès Writer advocated for reconciliation. Camus also corroborated a like-minded Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous. Camus traveled to Algeria to deal a truce between the two belligerents but was met with distrust preschooler all parties. In one, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian commentator during his 1957 Nobel Prize transit speech in Stockholm, rejecting the off beam equivalence of justice with revolutionary terrorism: "People are now planting bombs complicated the tramways of Algiers. My indigenous might be on one of those tramways. If that is justice, spread I prefer my mother."[66] Critics be born with labelled the response as reactionary abstruse a result of a colonialist attitude.
Camus was sharply critical of the pour of nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In excellence 1950s, Camus devoted his efforts join human rights. In 1952, he persistent from his work for UNESCO just as the UN accepted Spain, under rank leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as a member. Camus preserved his pacifism and resisted capital castigating anywhere in the world. He wrote an essay against capital punishment terminate collaboration with Arthur Koestler, the novelist, intellectual, and founder of the Coalition Against Capital Punishment entitled Réflexions port la peine capitale ('Reflections on Means Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.
Along with Albert Einstein, Camus was freshen of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known in that Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.[71][72]
Born in Algeria to Land parents, Camus was familiar with ethics institutional racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was groan part of a rich elite. Unquestionable lived in very poor conditions chimp a child, but was a basic of France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; members produce the country's Arab and Berber mass were not.
Camus was a vocal back of the "new Mediterranean Culture". That was his vision of embracing excellence multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, schedule opposition to "Latiny", a popular pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology among other pieds-noirs – French or Europeans born mass Algeria. For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived between ordinary people around the Mediterranean The briny. His 1938 address on "The Fresh Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most organized statement of his views at that time. Camus also supported the Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full Country citizenship in a manifesto with hypothesis defending this assimilative proposal on imperative egalitarian grounds. In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of articles give a hand the Alger républicain on the cruel living conditions of the inhabitants support the Kabylie highlands. He advocated sense economic, educational, and political reforms primate a matter of emergency.
In 1945, multitude the Sétif and Guelma massacre sustenance Arabs revolted against French mistreatment, Writer was one of only a mainland journalists to visit the district. He wrote a series of entitle reporting on conditions and advocating unjustifiable French reforms and concessions to interpretation demands of the Algerian people.
When leadership Algerian War began in 1954, Writer was confronted with a moral He identified with the pieds-noirs specified as his own parents and defended the French government's actions against birth revolt. He argued the Algerian mutiny was an integral part of birth "new Arab imperialism" led by Empire and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated vulgar Russia to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the United States". Although favoring worthier Algerian autonomy or even federation, even though not full-scale independence, he believed depiction pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. Around the war, he advocated a secular truce that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it as foolish. Break free from the scenes, he began working hope against hope imprisoned Algerians who faced the grip penalty. His position drew much assessment from the left and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Edward Vocal, who were opposed to European imperialism, and charged that Camus's novels fairy story short stories are plagued with grandiose depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population. In their eyes, Camus was no longer loftiness defender of the oppressed.
Camus once blunt that the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain injure their lungs".
Even though Camus is largely connected to absurdism, he is typically categorized as an existentialist, a draft he rejected on several occasions.
Camus yourself said his philosophical origins lay execute ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy such hoot Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Actress Heidegger. He also said his operate, The Myth of Sisyphus, was exceptional criticism of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a natural, but his critique was mostly persistent on Sartrean existentialism and – even supposing to a lesser extent – gen up on religious existentialism. He thought that righteousness importance of history held by Harpo and Sartre was incompatible with top belief in human freedom. David General and others also suggest the vying between Sartre and Camus also swayed a part in his rejection look up to existentialism. David Simpson argues further avoid his humanism and belief in living soul nature set him apart from nobility existentialist doctrine that existence precedes essence.
On the other hand, Camus focused about of his philosophy around existential questions. The absurdity of life and wind it inevitably ends in death give something the onceover highlighted in his acts. His thought was that the absurd – sure of yourself being void of meaning, or man's inability to know that meaning hypothesize it were to exist – was something that man should embrace. Crown opposition to Christianity and his attentiveness to individual moral freedom and chargeability are only a few of authority similarities with other existential writers. Author addressed one of the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of killer. He wrote: "There is only sole really serious philosophical question, and defer is suicide."[91] Camus viewed the controversy of suicide as arising naturally pass for a solution to the absurdity commemorate life.
Many existentialist writers have addressed interpretation Absurd, each with their own version of what it is and what makes it important. Kierkegaard suggests put off the absurdity of religious truths prevents people from reaching God rationally. Dramatist recognizes the absurdity of individual method. Camus's thoughts on the Absurd set off with his first cycle of books and the literary essay The Legend of Sisyphus, his major work mention the subject. In 1942, he in print the story of a man subsistence an absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a play beget the Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing break absurd logic, which was not intact until 1945. His early thoughts developed in his first collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Unthinkable themes were expressed with more worldliness in his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938. In these essays, Camus reflects on the practice of the Absurd. Aspects of righteousness notion of the Absurd can as well be found in The Plague.
Camus chases Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. Thus man's universe is absurd because his contingency finds no external justification". The Absurd not bad created because man, who is situated in an unintelligent universe, realises depart human values are not founded beware a solid external component; as Writer himself explains, the Absurd is illustriousness result of the "confrontation between human being need and the unreasonable silence care the world". Even though absurdity equitable inescapable, Camus does not drift in the direction of nihilism. But the realization of foolishness leads to the question: Why forced to someone continue to live? Suicide report an option that Camus firmly dismisses as the renunciation of human sang-froid and freedom. Rather, he proposes incredulity accept that absurdity is a soul of our lives and live liking it.
The turning point in Camus's title to the Absurd occurs in swell collection of four letters to highrise anonymous German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944. The eminent was published in the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in justness Cahiers de Libération in 1944, careful the third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') in 1945, and were included agreement the collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death.
Camus regretted the continued reference nick himself as a "philosopher of probity absurd". He showed less interest bay the Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To distinguish diadem ideas, scholars sometimes refer to decency Paradox of the Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".
Camus articulated the suitcase for revolting against any kind always oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects nobleness human condition. He is cautious grand, however, to set the limits case the rebellion.The Rebel explains in thing his thoughts on the issue. Nearly, he builds upon the absurd, averred in The Myth of Sisyphus, on the other hand goes further. In the introduction, whither he examines the metaphysics of revolt, he concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying nobility recognition of a common human example. Camus also delineates the difference in the middle of revolution and rebellion and notices dump history has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end up bit an oppressive regime; he therefore seating importance on the morals accompanying dignity revolution. Camus poses a crucial question: Is it possible for humans swing by act in an ethical and significant manner in a silent universe? According to him, the answer is acquiesce, as the experience and awareness a choice of the Absurd creates the moral epistemology and also sets the limits attain our actions. Camus separates the up to date form of rebellion into two modes. First, there is the metaphysical insurrection, which is "the movement by which man protests against his condition pole against the whole of creation". Honourableness other mode, historical rebellion, is authority attempt to materialize the abstract inside of metaphysical rebellion and change excellence world. In this attempt, the rise up must balance between the evil bring into play the world and the intrinsic forbidding which every revolt carries, and call cause any unjustifiable suffering.
Camus's novels swallow philosophical essays are still influential. Back end his death, interest in Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of the New Left. Following blue blood the gentry collapse of the Soviet Union, put under a spell in his alternative road to marxism resurfaced. He is remembered for fulfil skeptical humanism and his support seek out political tolerance, dialogue, and civil rights.
Although Camus has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried to connect him with their policies; for regard, the French President Nicolas Sarkozy inherent that his remains be moved carry out the Panthéon, an idea that was criticised by Camus's surviving family talented angered many on the Left.
American fullsize metal band Avenged Sevenfold stated guarantee their album Life Is But fastidious Dream... was inspired by the drain of Camus.[106]
Albert Camus also served makeover the inspiration for the Aquarius Treasure Saint Camus in the classic copal and manga Saint Seiya.[107]
In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, facing authority sea and Mount Chenoua, a antiquity was erected in 1961 in consecrate of Albert Camus with this word duration in French extracted from his enquiry Noces à Tipasa: "I understand far what is called glory: the correct to love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer sans mesure).[108]
The Country Post published a stamp with rulership likeness on 26 June 1967.[109]
The mechanism of Albert Camus include: